Contextual Semantic Analysis of the Words Saum and Siyam in The Qur'an

Abstract

The language of the Quran has distinctive characteristics reflected in the precise choice of words according to their context. One interesting aspect of this study is the use of the terms shaum and shayam, which originate from the same root word but exhibit different meanings in their use. This study aims to examine the differences in meaning, function, and context of these two terms through a contextual semantic approach. The research method used is qualitative library research, relying on analysis of Quranic verses as the primary source, supported by interpretation literature, Arabic dictionaries, and scientific articles as secondary sources. The research findings indicate that linguistically, shaum has a basic meaning of refraining from an activity in general. This meaning is broad and not limited to specific worship practices, as illustrated in Surah Maryam, verse 26, which indicates a form of self-control such as not speaking. In contrast, the term shayam is used in a more specific context, namely the Islamic fasting, which has clear rules and objectives, as explained in Surah Maryam. Al-Baqarah verses 183-185. From a semantic perspective, this difference reflects a process of narrowing meaning from the general to the more specific and normative. This study emphasizes that understanding terms in the Qur'an requires attention to the context of their use, so that the resulting meaning is not partial. Furthermore, this research contributes to the development of linguistic studies of the Qur'an, particularly in understanding the concept of fasting as a form of self-control that is not only physical but also encompasses spiritual and social dimensions.